Before being colonised by the British in the 19th century, Ghana was ruled by powerful kingdoms – one of the most prominent being the Ashanti Kingdom in the 1700s. The Ashanti Kingdom was known for its strong economy, military prowess and wealth from gold and minerals. During this period, Ghana was also a major part of the transatlantic slave trade, and the Ashanti Kingdom eventually fell after several conflicts with the British. The Cape Coast Castle is a sobering legacy of the perilous conditions enslaved people faced before being transported to the Americas.
In 1957 under Kwame Nkrumah’s leadership, Ghana was the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to gain independence from colonial rule. It was also renamed from Gold Coast to Ghana (meaning ‘Warrior King’ in the Soninke language) to honour the ancient Ghana Empire.
Today, Ghana is home to over 70 ethnic groups, the largest being the Akan (about 45 per cent of the population), Ewe, Mole-Dagbane, Guan, Ga-Adangbe and Gurma. While English is the official language and lingua franca, two types of Pidgin English are spoken, along with over 80 other indigenous languages, reflecting the country’s rich cultural diversity.
Most Ghanaians identify as Christians or Muslims, with a smaller percentage practising Indigenous religions. Regardless of faith, Ghanaian society is deeply rooted in traditional values, including family, community and respect for elders.
Families often live in intergenerational households, and it’s common for older people to be called ‘aunty’ or ‘uncle.’ An individual’s behaviour reflects on their wider family, so there’s also a strong emphasis on being respectful and dignified to save face.
Festivals, music and dance are all central to Ghanaian culture. Traditional music featuring drums, xylophones, flutes and call-and-response style singing resonates across the country, as does the world-renowned highlife genre which was born in Ghana.
The vibrancy of Ghanaian culture is further expressed through Kente cloth which is worn on special occasions. Kente cloth originated in the Ashanti Empire and is made from handwoven silk and cotton fabric with bright colours and patterns with distinct meanings.